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Objective: Phosphatidylinositol (PI) has been suggested to have important functions in intracellular signal transduction and to be effective in improving brain function. However, its effects on memory and learning ability have not been elucidated. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to clarify the effects of oral administration of 59% purified PI (PI 50) on memory and learning ability in rats. Methods: Wistar male rats were divided into four groups: (1) distilled water administration group, (2) 30 mg/kg PI 50 administration group, (3) 100 mg/kg PI 50 administration group, and (4) 300 mg/kg PI 50 administration group. Effects of oral administration of PI 50 on memory and learning ability were investigated using behavioral and molecular biological techniques. Result: In the learning and memory behavioral tests, the PI 50-administered group showed improvements in spatial memory and learning ability compared to the distilled water-administered group. Additionally, c-Fos- and BrdU-positive cells in the hippocampus increased significantly in the PI 50-administered group. The PI 50-administered group showed a significant increase in BDNF, PKC-α, and MAPK protein expression compared to the distilled water- administered group. Conclusion: These results indicate that PI 50 intake stimulates nerve cell activation and growth factor secretion in the hippocampus by activating the PKC-α and MAPK signal pathways, thus, facilitating the development and proliferation of nerve cells and may affect the enhancement of learning and memory ability. This study provides evidence that PI 50 may affect the enhancement of learning and memory ability.
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Objectives: The current study examined a supplement (denoted here as V7) containing astaxanthin, reduced coenzyme Q10, leucine, arginine, citrulline, DHA, and krill oil and a placebo containing only salad oil. This study examined the subjective level of fatigue and the performance level while subjects consumed the supplement or the placebo for 30 day. Methods: Subjects were 19 members of the women’s softball club at a physical education university. Results: Results indicated that leg fatigue, the state of the back, dark spots on the skin, and performance on a 50-m sprint improved significantly after consuming V7 in comparison to values prior to consumption. Scores for a total of 6 items—leg fatigue, the state of the hips, the state of the back, skin blotches, and eye strain—improved significantly after consuming V7 in comparison to values prior to consumption. Conclusion: These findings presumably indicate that DHA (an essential fatty acid) and krill oil (krill are rich in theω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids DHA and EPA) in phospholipid form are taken up by the cell membrane. The 2 substances enhance cell and tissue function in the body by prompting cells to take up nutrients and quickly eliminate waste products. Moreover, reduced coenzyme Q10 had 2 actions—“production of energy” and “antioxidant action” that inhibited physical deterioration—while astaxanthin had “antioxidant action.” This antioxidant action, anti-fatigue action, antiinflammatory action, enhanced immunity, and enhanced endurance synergistically acted to alleviate general fatigue. Moreover, muscle protein synthesis stimulated by leucine, arginine, and citrulline alleviated muscle fatigue in the legs, knees, hips, and back, presumably accounting for the improved time on the 50-m sprint.
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Secretory immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) in saliva constitutes the first-line barrier to the entry of pathogens into the body, implying its critical role in mucosal immunity.To examine the effect of a shark liver oil (SLO)-containing diet on salivary s-IgA concentration in healthy male and female adults, 42 subjects were assigned to either placebo or 6 weeks of a 2,400 mg SLO-containing diet (1,500 mg as SLO) and assessed in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group trial.Salivary s-IgA concentration significantly increased at week 6 in the SLO group (P = 0.033), but not in the placebo group.Moreover, there was a significant difference between groups in the magnitude of change from baseline to week 6.No intervention-related adverse event or abnormal changes of laboratory test parameters were observed throughout the study period.In conclusion, an SLO-containing diet increases salivary s-IgA in healthy adults.
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<b>Objectives:</b> Kurozu has long been used as a traditional fermented food product mainly in East Asia, including Japan; various health functions of Kurozu have been reported. This study examined its effects on body fat and energy metabolism by a double-blind placebo-controlled trial.<br> <b>Methods:</b> Mildly obese adults took a dietary supplement containing Kurozu concentrate for 12 weeks with approximately 10 min of exercise every day.<br> <b>Results:</b> A decline in hip circumference was observed in the group consuming the dietary supplement containing Kurozu. It was shown that fat-derived energy consumption increased while suppressing carbohydrate-derived energy consumption. Therefore, it was revealed that energy was derived from the fat consumed, and a tendency to increase the energy consumption at the time of exercise was also observed. Furthermore, negative correlations were observed between the initial fat volume and both the variation of the total fat area and the variation of the subcutaneous fat area in the examination group. It was revealed that larger the amount of body fat, greater the effect of Kurozu in decreasing the amount of fat. In addition, no safety issues were observed 12 weeks after ingesting the dietary supplement containing Kurozu concentrate, and it was confirmed as a safe food product.<br> <b>Conclusion:</b> Appropriate exercise and intake of the dietary supplement containing Kurozu concentrate contributed toward the improvement of the metabolic syndrome.<br>
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<b>Objectives:</b> To examine in two tests the potential of kaki (persimmon) extract-containing diet (KE diet) to reduce malodorous volatile sulfur compounds (VSC), such as hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S), methyl mercaptan (CH<sub>3</sub>SH) and dimethyl sulfide (CH<sub>3</sub>SCH<sub>3</sub>), as well as on subjective fecal odor on healthy adults.<br> <b>Methods:</b> In the first test, 11 subjects were given garlic-containing soup. For a period of time, they were given a single dose of KE diet (150 mg as kaki extract) with water, and only water for the rest of the study period. Two hours after the administration, oral gas samples were collected from individual subjects and analyzed for VSC. In the second test, 14 subjects were given a single dose of KE diet for 7 days. Fecal samples were collected from individual subjects before and after the 7-day KE diet intervention. Levels of VSC were determined and the magnitude of subjective fecal odor was estimated based on ratings in the self-administered questionnaire.<br> <b>Results:</b> Levels of CH<sub>3</sub>SCH<sub>3</sub> in oral gas were significantly lowered when subjects were on a KE diet. On the other hand, although decreases in the level of any VSC in feces before and after the 7-day KE diet intake did not reach a statistical significance, subjective fecal odor significantly improved by the KE diet intake.<br> <b>Conclusion:</b> KE diet appears to have a beneficial effect on VSC-associated oral malodor and subjective fecal odor.<br>
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<i>Anoectochilus formosanus</i>, an orchidaceous plant native to Taiwan, is widely used as a folk medicine in Taiwan and other Southeast Asian countries. We attempted to isolate the bioactive principles from <i>A. formosanus</i> and succeeded in purifying the compounds. Two known compounds (<i>N</i>-<i>cis</i>-feruloyl tyramine and <i>N</i>-<i>trans</i>-feruloyl tyramine) were isolated and both significantly inhibited osteoclast formation, which is important in the development of osteoporosis.<br>
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Inspection and investigation of CAM and health food facilities was performed in 6 and 9 leading facilities in Europe and the United States, respectively. This report details actual product conditions and outlines function, safety and indications of health foods in CAM.<br>